Top Internet Providers Roseburg, OR: Find Deals!


Top Internet Providers Roseburg, OR: Find Deals!

Access to network connectivity in Roseburg, Oregon, is facilitated by various companies offering internet services. These entities establish and maintain the infrastructure necessary for residents and businesses to connect to the World Wide Web. They provide a range of plans characterized by different download and upload speeds, data allowances, and pricing structures to accommodate varying consumer needs.

Reliable access to the internet is crucial for economic development, educational opportunities, and social interaction within the Roseburg community. Historically, the availability of high-speed internet has been a limiting factor for rural communities; however, ongoing infrastructure investments are gradually expanding access and improving service quality, supporting business growth and enabling remote work and learning.

The subsequent sections will delve into the specific offerings of the leading communication companies, assess the availability of different connection types, and discuss factors influencing consumer choice within the Roseburg, Oregon, area.

1. Service Availability

The sprawling geography of Roseburg and its surrounding areas presents a unique challenge to communication companies. The term “internet providers roseburg oregon” inherently encapsulates a critical question: who can actually reach whom? A resident nestled in the heart of downtown might have several high-speed options, while a family a few miles outside the city limits could be limited to a single provider, or even dial-up in some extreme cases. This disparity isn’t arbitrary; it’s dictated by the economics of infrastructure deployment. Laying cable or fiber optic lines across sparsely populated rural areas can be prohibitively expensive, resulting in pockets of limited or no service. The existence of various services depends heavily on the number of homes passed, investment costs, and ROI.

This uneven service availability has real-world consequences. Businesses located in areas with limited internet options may struggle to compete with those in more connected areas. Educational opportunities can be hampered for students unable to access online resources. Telemedicine, increasingly vital in rural communities, is rendered less effective without a reliable internet connection. Consider the hypothetical scenario of a small business owner attempting to run an e-commerce operation with only DSL speeds. Slow uploads and frequent outages directly impact their ability to serve customers, resulting in lost revenue and frustrated clients. In contrast, homes in areas with fiber optic internet can effortlessly stream 4k video, engage in multiplayer gaming, and conduct video conferences simultaneously.

In conclusion, the phrase “internet providers roseburg oregon” is incomplete without acknowledging the significant variations in service availability. This disparity highlights the need for targeted infrastructure investments to bridge the digital divide and ensure equitable access to this vital resource. Understanding the factors that influence provider coverage population density, terrain, and economic incentives is crucial for developing effective strategies to improve connectivity for all residents. While solutions like fixed wireless and satellite internet offer alternatives in underserved areas, they often come with trade-offs in terms of speed, latency, and data caps. The ongoing pursuit of ubiquitous, affordable, and reliable internet service remains a critical objective for Roseburg’s long-term growth and prosperity.

2. Connection Speed

In Roseburg, Oregon, the promise of seamless digital interaction hinges upon the often-abstract concept of “connection speed.” The phrase “internet providers roseburg oregon” inherently implies a transaction: money exchanged for a service defined, to a significant degree, by its velocity. But what does that velocity truly mean in the daily lives of Roseburg residents?

  • The Upload Bottleneck

    Download speeds are often advertised prominently, promising rapid streaming and quick file retrieval. However, the less-discussed upload speed is equally crucial, especially in an era of remote work and content creation. Imagine a photographer in Roseburg struggling to upload high-resolution images to a client; a slow upload speed becomes a tangible barrier to their livelihood. The discrepancy between download and upload speeds, a characteristic of many DSL and cable plans, can create a significant bottleneck for users who rely on sending data.

  • The Illusion of Advertised Speeds

    The “up to” clause frequently attached to advertised speeds is a critical caveat. Network congestion during peak hours, distance from the provider’s infrastructure, and even the age of the wiring in a building can all impact the actual speed experienced by the user. The advertised speed is a theoretical maximum, not a guaranteed reality. For a family in Roseburg, a plan promising 100 Mbps might deliver significantly less during the evening hours, resulting in buffering videos and frustrating lag during online gaming.

  • The Latency Factor

    Beyond raw speed, latency the delay in data transmission plays a crucial role in interactive applications. High latency can make online gaming feel sluggish and video conferencing choppy, even with high download speeds. Satellite internet, while providing coverage in remote areas, often suffers from high latency due to the distance data must travel to reach the satellite and back. This makes it a less than ideal solution for real-time applications, regardless of the advertised download speed.

  • The Cost-Speed Tradeoff

    “Internet providers roseburg oregon” also brings the concept of value. Is the extra cost for a higher-speed tier justified by the actual usage needs of the household? A single user who primarily browses the web and checks email might not benefit from an expensive gigabit plan. Conversely, a household with multiple streaming devices, online gamers, and remote workers will likely find a slower, cheaper plan inadequate. The optimal choice requires careful consideration of individual needs and budget constraints.

Ultimately, the connection speed associated with “internet providers roseburg oregon” represents more than just a number. Its a determinant of productivity, entertainment, and overall quality of life. Understanding the nuances of upload speeds, advertised speeds, latency, and the cost-speed tradeoff empowers consumers to make informed decisions and choose a plan that truly meets their needs, ensuring that the promise of seamless digital interaction becomes a reality.

3. Pricing Options

The term “internet providers roseburg oregon” invariably leads to a crucial consideration: the economics of connectivity. The pricing structures offered by these entities are not mere numbers on a website; they represent a complex interplay of infrastructure investment, market competition, and the ever-evolving demands of the digital age. Understanding these pricing options is paramount for residents and businesses alike, influencing decisions that impact everything from household budgets to the viability of local enterprises.

  • The Base Cost Illusion

    Advertised base prices often mask a web of additional charges that can significantly inflate the final bill. Installation fees, equipment rentals (modems and routers), and various surcharges related to “network access” or “regulatory compliance” can add unexpected costs. For example, a plan advertised at $50 per month might easily balloon to $70 or more after these additions, creating a discrepancy between the advertised price and the true cost of service. The initial “sticker shock” often discourages some from seeking what has become a necessary utility. Furthermore, some lower priced plans are not available in certain areas, based on ROI.

  • The Tiered Data Paradox

    Many providers offer tiered pricing structures, with costs escalating as data usage increases. This seemingly straightforward approach becomes problematic when considering the ever-increasing bandwidth demands of modern applications. Streaming high-definition video, participating in video conferences, and downloading large files can quickly deplete data allowances, leading to overage charges. The seemingly “affordable” base plan can morph into an expensive burden for households with moderate to heavy internet usage, as a 500 GB monthly allocation could disappear alarmingly fast when a family is streaming, working, and playing games simultaneously.

  • The Contractual Commitment Conundrum

    Contract terms often tie pricing to specific durations, rewarding long-term commitments with lower monthly rates. However, these contracts come with potential penalties for early termination. A resident who relocates or finds a better deal elsewhere might be forced to pay a significant fee to break the contract, effectively trapping them in an undesirable arrangement. Consider a small business in Roseburg signing a multi-year contract, only to discover that a newer, faster, and cheaper option becomes available from a competitor. The business is forced to either stick with the less advantageous plan or incur a costly termination fee.

  • The Bundle Bargain Bait

    Bundling internet service with other services like cable television or phone lines can often result in lower overall costs compared to purchasing them separately. However, this “convenience” can also lead to unnecessary expenses. Many households no longer require traditional cable television or landline phones, yet are effectively forced to pay for them to receive the bundled discount on internet service. The true cost-effectiveness of bundling requires careful evaluation of actual usage needs and a comparison with the cost of purchasing services individually, since bundled services have increased in price and unbundled services have decreased in price.

In conclusion, the pricing options associated with “internet providers roseburg oregon” demand careful scrutiny beyond the initial advertised rate. Understanding the hidden costs, the implications of tiered data plans, the restrictions imposed by contract terms, and the potential drawbacks of bundling is essential for making informed decisions that align with individual needs and financial realities. Ultimately, navigating the pricing landscape requires a discerning eye and a willingness to compare offers critically, ensuring that Roseburg residents and businesses receive true value for their connectivity investments.

4. Data Caps

The phrase “internet providers roseburg oregon” often evokes a sense of expectation a promise of access, of connectivity, of participation in the digital world. However, the shadow of data caps looms large over this promise, a limiting factor that can significantly alter the user experience and fundamentally change the value proposition offered by those very entities.

  • The Invisible Meter

    Data caps operate as an invisible meter, constantly tracking and quantifying the digital activity of subscribers. Streaming movies, downloading files, video conferencing all these everyday actions contribute to the consumption of data, bringing users ever closer to the pre-defined limit. A Roseburg family settles in for a movie night, unaware that each passing scene is eating away at their monthly data allowance, a silent countdown to potential overage charges. The consequence is a subtle but pervasive anxiety, a constant awareness of consumption that can stifle spontaneity and limit exploration.

  • The Digital Divide Amplifier

    Data caps disproportionately impact low-income households. For those on a limited budget, the threat of overage charges necessitates careful rationing of internet usage, potentially hindering educational opportunities, limiting access to job resources, and restricting participation in the online community. A student in Roseburg needing to research a project or complete online homework finds their resources artificially limited compared to wealthier students with unlimited data plans, perpetuating and amplifying the existing digital divide. It becomes another hurdle to climb.

  • The Innovation Inhibitor

    Data caps can stifle innovation and limit the adoption of new technologies. Developers might hesitate to create bandwidth-intensive applications, knowing that a significant portion of the user base is restricted by data limits. A local Roseburg entrepreneur considering launching a streaming service or developing an advanced online game might be discouraged by the prospect of limited user adoption due to data cap concerns, hindering potential economic growth and technological advancement. The creative canvas shrinks.

  • The Competitive Complication

    The presence or absence of data caps becomes a key differentiator between “internet providers roseburg oregon”, influencing consumer choice and shaping the competitive landscape. Companies offering unlimited data plans gain a distinct advantage, appealing to users who prioritize unrestricted access and peace of mind. A homeowner weighing their options looks closely at all of the fine print regarding monthly data allowances. Providers’ decision of what to offer, or not, impacts the local industry.

The relationship between data caps and “internet providers roseburg oregon” is not simply a technical detail; it’s a fundamental factor shaping the digital experience of Roseburg residents. The imposition of these limits affects how people learn, work, connect, and entertain themselves, underscoring the need for transparent pricing, reasonable data allowances, and a continued push towards more equitable and unrestricted access to the internet.

5. Contract Terms

The agreements that bind subscribers to “internet providers roseburg oregon” extend far beyond the promise of bandwidth and connectivity. Within the fine print of these contracts lie stipulations, obligations, and potential pitfalls that can significantly shape the user experience. These contract terms define the relationship, and understanding them is paramount to navigating the landscape of Roseburg’s internet options.

  • The Lock-In Loyalty Program

    Many “internet providers roseburg oregon” offer enticing introductory rates, often contingent upon signing lengthy contracts, typically lasting one or two years. This creates a situation where customers trade short-term savings for long-term commitment. A homeowner, attracted by a lower monthly price, enters into a contract, only to discover later that a competitor offers a superior plan or technology. Breaking the contract incurs substantial penalties, effectively trapping the customer with a service that no longer meets their needs. The initial allure of savings fades, replaced by the realization of being locked into a less-than-ideal situation.

  • The Fine Print Price Hike

    Contracts often include clauses allowing “internet providers roseburg oregon” to raise prices during the contract term. These clauses are often buried within dense legal jargon, easily overlooked by subscribers. A small business owner meticulously budgets for their monthly expenses, including internet service. Midway through the contract, they receive a bill reflecting a sudden, unexpected price increase. Upon closer inspection, they discover a clause permitting such increases, leaving them with no recourse but to accept the higher cost or face the penalties of early termination. Predictability is replaced by financial uncertainty.

  • The Service Level Shuffle

    While promising specific speeds and service levels, contracts often contain disclaimers absolving “internet providers roseburg oregon” of responsibility for performance fluctuations. Network congestion, equipment failures, and unforeseen circumstances can all impact the actual service delivered, often falling short of the advertised promise. A remote worker relying on a stable internet connection for their livelihood experiences frequent outages and speed drops. The contract vaguely states that service levels are “subject to change,” offering little protection or compensation for the disruptions. Reliability becomes a gamble.

  • The Automatic Renewal Trap

    Upon expiration, many contracts for “internet providers roseburg oregon” automatically renew, often reverting to a higher month-to-month rate. Subscribers who are unaware of this automatic renewal clause find themselves paying significantly more for the same service, often without realizing it until months later. An elderly resident, unfamiliar with the intricacies of contract terms, fails to notice the automatic renewal on their internet service. They continue paying the higher rate, unaware that they could negotiate a better deal or switch providers. Inertia becomes costly.

These facets of contract terms highlight the importance of diligent review and understanding before committing to any agreement with “internet providers roseburg oregon.” The fine print can hold unexpected consequences, transforming a seemingly straightforward transaction into a complex and potentially disadvantageous relationship. Careful consideration and proactive management are essential to navigate the contractual landscape and secure the best possible value and service.

6. Customer Service

The digital lifeline offered by “internet providers roseburg oregon” often extends beyond mere technological infrastructure. The human element, embodied in customer service, becomes a critical bridge between the promise of connectivity and the reality of daily usage. Consider the hypothetical, yet commonplace, scenario of a family in Roseburg experiencing a sudden internet outage on a Friday evening. Their weekend entertainment plans, remote work deadlines, and online social interactions are all abruptly severed. The quality of customer service they receive at that critical moment will determine not only the speed of resolution, but also their overall perception of the provider.

The experience can be profoundly impactful. A responsive, knowledgeable, and empathetic representative, able to quickly diagnose the problem and dispatch a technician, can transform a frustrating situation into a manageable inconvenience. Conversely, a lengthy wait time, a dismissive attitude, or a lack of technical expertise can exacerbate the initial frustration, leaving the family feeling helpless and abandoned. The effects ripple outward: online reviews turn negative, word-of-mouth spreads discontent, and customer loyalty erodes. Customer service becomes the public face of the company, shaping its reputation within the Roseburg community. A positive experience, perhaps a helpful technician who goes above and beyond to ensure a stable connection, becomes a powerful advertisement, building trust and encouraging referrals. A negative encounter, characterized by unanswered calls and unresolved issues, becomes a cautionary tale, dissuading others from choosing that particular provider.

Ultimately, the relationship between “internet providers roseburg oregon” and customer service is symbiotic. The quality of customer service directly impacts customer retention, brand reputation, and the long-term success of the provider. While technological advancements and competitive pricing are important factors, the human connection remains paramount. Addressing customer concerns promptly, providing clear and accurate information, and demonstrating a genuine commitment to resolving issues are essential components of a successful internet service. Providers who understand and prioritize this human element are best positioned to thrive in the competitive Roseburg market, building lasting relationships with their subscribers and solidifying their position as trusted partners in the digital age. Without good customer service, Roseburg residents will likely choose to go elsewhere.

7. Technology Types

The digital narrative of Roseburg, Oregon, unfolds through the lens of its available connection technologies. “Internet providers roseburg oregon” are not monolithic entities; they are conduits for varied technological streams, each possessing unique characteristics and limitations. The choice of technology dictates the speed, reliability, and ultimately, the access residents have to the modern world. Where once dial-up modems screeched their way into existence, now fiber optic lines whisper gigabits of data, but both exist within the same geographical bounds, testament to the evolution and persistent inequalities in connectivity.

Cable internet, a workhorse of the digital age, leverages the existing infrastructure of coaxial cables, often providing reasonable speeds at competitive prices. Yet, this technology suffers from shared bandwidth, meaning speeds can degrade during peak usage hours, affecting the experience of those seeking consistent performance. DSL, delivered via traditional phone lines, remains a viable option in many areas, but its performance diminishes significantly with distance from the provider’s central office, rendering it unsuitable for users located farther from the hub. Satellite internet, a beacon of hope in remote, underserved areas, overcomes geographical barriers, but introduces the challenge of high latency, making it less than ideal for real-time applications like online gaming or video conferencing. Fixed wireless, utilizing radio waves to transmit data, offers a potential solution in areas where physical infrastructure deployment is challenging, but it’s susceptible to weather interference and signal obstruction.

Fiber optic internet, the gold standard of connectivity, offers symmetrical upload and download speeds, along with low latency, providing a superior experience for a wide range of applications. However, its deployment requires significant investment in new infrastructure, making it economically viable only in densely populated areas. The practical implications are profound. A small business owner, dependent on reliable internet for e-commerce and cloud-based applications, might find fiber optic a game-changer, enabling them to compete effectively in the digital marketplace. A family residing in a rural area, limited to satellite internet, might struggle with sluggish performance and limited data caps, hindering educational opportunities and limiting access to online resources. Understanding the underlying technology that “internet providers roseburg oregon” rely on is thus the first step in making informed choices and advocating for equitable access to the digital world. The available connections are a critical decision for people living and working in the area.

8. Bundle Options

The landscape of “internet providers roseburg oregon” is frequently punctuated by the allure of bundle options. These packages, often advertised with eye-catching discounts, represent a strategic maneuver by providers to capture a greater share of the consumer’s wallet. The central premise is straightforward: combine internet service with other offerings, such as cable television or telephone lines, and receive a reduced overall price. However, this seemingly simple equation belies a complex web of considerations for the discerning consumer within Roseburg.

The practical implication of bundle options is two-fold. First, they offer the potential for cost savings. A family already subscribing to both internet and cable television might find a bundled package significantly cheaper than maintaining separate accounts. This economic incentive can be particularly attractive in a region where household budgets are often carefully managed. Second, bundles offer convenience. Streamlining billing and customer service through a single provider can simplify the often-frustrating experience of managing multiple accounts. However, the benefits are not without caveats. A thorough assessment of actual usage patterns is essential. Is the bundled cable television service actually utilized, or is it merely a vestigial appendage driving up the overall cost? Similarly, the inclusion of a landline telephone, increasingly obsolete in the age of mobile communication, might represent a needless expense. The “bundle” allure can be a trap.

Ultimately, navigating the world of “internet providers roseburg oregon” and their bundle options requires a critical eye. The perceived savings must be weighed against actual needs and usage patterns. A careful comparison of bundled and unbundled pricing is essential to determine whether the convenience and discounts truly outweigh the potential for unnecessary expenses. The seemingly straightforward allure of bundle options reveals itself as a strategic complexity requiring careful evaluation.

Frequently Asked Questions About Internet Service in Roseburg, Oregon

The pursuit of reliable internet in Roseburg often leads to a cascade of questions. These frequently asked questions address some common concerns encountered by residents seeking to navigate the complex landscape of local internet services. Each question represents a real challenge faced by individuals attempting to secure dependable connectivity in the area.

Question 1: Will advertised internet speeds truly be achieved in my specific neighborhood?

The legend of advertised speeds often clashes with the reality of daily usage. Network infrastructure, distance from the provider’s central office, and peak-hour congestion frequently conspire to deliver speeds below the promised maximum. A resident, lured by the promise of blazing-fast internet, invests in a high-tier plan, only to discover that their actual speeds fluctuate wildly, rendering online gaming frustrating and video conferencing a choppy affair. This underscores the need for realistic expectations and a thorough understanding of the factors influencing real-world performance.

Question 2: Are data caps a universal reality, or do some providers offer truly unlimited plans?

The shadow of data caps looms large, casting a pall over the internet experience for many. While some providers advertise “unlimited” plans, a careful examination of the fine print often reveals caveats and potential throttling policies. A family diligently manages their monthly data allowance, only to discover that exceeding the limit triggers punitive overage charges. This illustrates the necessity for transparency and a thorough understanding of the terms and conditions associated with ostensibly unlimited offerings.

Question 3: Can contract terms truly be negotiated, or are they set in stone?

The perceived inflexibility of contract terms can be a source of considerable anxiety. While providers often present standard contracts as non-negotiable, some degree of flexibility may exist, particularly for long-term commitments or high-value customers. A business owner, seeking to secure a competitive rate for internet service, successfully negotiates a more favorable contract by demonstrating their potential for long-term loyalty. This emphasizes the importance of proactive communication and a willingness to advocate for individual needs.

Question 4: What recourse is available if service outages become a frequent occurrence?

The frustration of persistent service outages can be a significant impediment to productivity and quality of life. While contracts often contain disclaimers absolving providers of responsibility for occasional disruptions, repeated outages may warrant action. A remote worker, plagued by frequent internet interruptions, meticulously documents each incident and escalates their concerns to the provider, ultimately securing a partial refund and a commitment to infrastructure improvements. This highlights the importance of documentation and persistence in addressing service-related issues.

Question 5: How does local infrastructure influence which internet technologies are accessible?

The uneven distribution of internet technologies, such as fiber optic, cable, or DSL, throughout Roseburg is a direct consequence of infrastructure investment and geographical factors. A resident residing in a newly developed area might enjoy access to lightning-fast fiber optic connections, while their neighbor, a few miles away in a more established neighborhood, is limited to slower DSL service. This disparity underscores the need for ongoing infrastructure investment to bridge the digital divide and ensure equitable access to advanced technologies.

Question 6: Are bundled services genuinely more cost-effective, or are they simply a marketing ploy?

The allure of bundled services, combining internet with cable television or telephone lines, can be a compelling proposition. However, the true cost-effectiveness of these bundles depends on individual usage patterns. A household that rarely watches cable television might find themselves paying for a service they don’t need, negating the perceived savings. This necessitates a careful evaluation of actual usage and a comparison with the cost of purchasing services individually.

In summation, navigating the world of “internet providers roseburg oregon” requires careful consideration of advertised speeds, data caps, contract terms, and the influence of local infrastructure. Transparency, advocacy, and a thorough understanding of individual needs are essential to securing reliable and affordable internet service.

The next section will explore strategies for optimizing existing internet service, addressing issues such as Wi-Fi range and network security.

Maximizing Internet Performance

Within the varied terrain of Roseburg, Oregon, optimizing internet service is not merely a technical exercise; it’s often a necessity. The phrase “internet providers roseburg oregon” encompasses a range of service qualities, and irrespective of the provider chosen, maximizing performance is key. Here are some strategies to consider:

Tip 1: Evaluate Equipment Placement. Wi-Fi signal strength degrades over distance and is impeded by physical barriers. Placing the router in a central, unobstructed location within the home can significantly improve coverage. A tale is told of a Roseburg resident who, after relocating the router from a basement corner to a centrally located shelf, experienced a dramatic increase in Wi-Fi signal strength throughout their two-story house. Consider this when “internet providers roseburg oregon” is your focus.

Tip 2: Secure the Network. A compromised Wi-Fi network not only exposes personal data but also leeches bandwidth, slowing down internet speeds. Implementing a strong, unique password and enabling WPA3 encryption are essential steps in securing the network. A local business learned this lesson the hard way after discovering unauthorized users were streaming video on their guest Wi-Fi, crippling their own internet performance.

Tip 3: Prioritize Bandwidth-Intensive Activities. Certain applications, such as streaming video or downloading large files, consume significant bandwidth, potentially impacting the performance of other devices on the network. Scheduling these activities during off-peak hours can minimize disruption. Consider scheduling large downloads late at night.

Tip 4: Conduct Regular Speed Tests. Regularly monitoring internet speed provides valuable insight into network performance and allows for early detection of potential issues. If speeds consistently fall below the advertised rate, contacting the provider for troubleshooting may be necessary. Speed tests can be done online.

Tip 5: Explore a Wired Connection. For devices requiring a stable, high-speed connection, such as gaming consoles or desktop computers, a wired Ethernet connection is often preferable to Wi-Fi. A direct connection bypasses the potential interference and latency associated with wireless networks, providing a more reliable and consistent experience.

Tip 6: Reboot Your Router Regularly. Like any electronic device, routers benefit from periodic reboots. A simple power cycle can often resolve minor performance issues and clear accumulated data, improving overall network stability. Consider this when “internet providers roseburg oregon” is the focus, as some providers require a reboot.

Applying these strategies, “internet providers roseburg oregon” can become a catalyst for improved internet performance and a more satisfying online experience. Consistent effort and preventative actions are required to manage a strong connection.

This concludes our guide to optimizing internet service in Roseburg. The subsequent article will summarize the key considerations for selecting a provider and maximizing the benefits of the chosen service.

Conclusion

The journey through the digital arteries of Roseburg, Oregon, reveals more than just a list of “internet providers roseburg oregon”. It exposes a complex ecosystem shaped by technological limitations, economic realities, and the ever-increasing demand for seamless connectivity. Advertised speeds clash with real-world performance, data caps loom as invisible constraints, and contract terms bind users in agreements that demand careful scrutiny. The search for reliable internet becomes a quest, navigated with the compass of informed decision-making and the map of practical strategies.

The digital future of Roseburg hinges on bridging the divide between promise and delivery. Ongoing investment in infrastructure, transparent pricing practices, and a commitment to customer service are not merely desirable; they are essential ingredients for fostering economic growth, educational opportunities, and a thriving community. The story of “internet providers roseburg oregon” is ultimately a story of access, and equitable access to the digital world is no longer a luxury but a fundamental requirement for participation in the 21st century.

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